Chicago Style Citation

 Chicago Style Citation

Citation and Referencing :

A referencing style is a set of rules telling you how to acknowledgment the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a particular way. Referencing plays a crucial role in the following :

1.      Successful academic writing

2.      Avoiding plagiarism

3.      Key to your assignments and research

There are standards for documenting sources of information in research papers. Even though different journals may use a slightly different format for the referencing, although they contain same basic information. The most basic information that each reference should have is the author’s name, the title, the date and the source. Now Citation and referencing are two major phenomena to include in writing in formal official publications. Whatever cited in the text that should be reflected in the reference part of a research paper or journal article to be published. The list of references contains only the details of those works cited in the text. It include sources not cited in the main text matter but are relevant to the subject to study, specially in case of larger dissertation or study. Small research projects may need just a reference section to include all the literature that have been referred to in the report.  

About The Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago style of referencing are used in the publications of literature, arts and social sciences. Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

General Guidelines for Organizing APA-style References Lists

In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited is called "References." As you prepare your list of references, follow these

guidelines:

1. Double space each entry and use hanging indentation (the first line of an entry isn't indented, but every subsequent line in

the entry is indented five spaces).

2. Alphabetize the list of sources by the author 's (or editor's) last name; if there is no author or editor, alphabetize by the first

word of the title other than a, an, or the. Use initials for an author's first and middle names. For two or more works by an

author, arrange the works by date, oldest work first.

3. Use one space after periods, colons, semi-colons, and commas.

4. With two or more authors, use all authors' names rather than "et al" unless there are eight or more authors. Again, start with

the last name and use initials for the first and middle names for all authors. Instead of the word "and," use an ampersand

(&) and separate the names with commas.

5. The publication date should appear in parentheses directly after the last author's name; put a period after the final

parenthesis. For books, list year only. For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers give the year followed by the exact

date on the publication (2000, November 10). If you list two works by the same author published in the same year,

alphabetize by title, unless they are part of a series.

6. Put the title of a book after the year of publication. Book titles and subtitles should be italicized. Capitalize only the first word

and proper nouns in a title or subtitle.

7. Don't put titles of articles in quotation marks or italics, and, as with a book, only the first word of the article title and subtitle

and any proper nouns are capitalized. Periodical titles are capitalized just as you would normally, and italicize the name of

the periodical and the volume number.

8. Include the city and official state abbreviation as well as the publisher in book citations. If the city is well known, omit the

state abbreviation. The publisher's name may be shortened, as long as it is easy to recognize, as in this example: New

York: Harper.

3

9. Use p. (pp. for plurals) only before page numbers of newspaper articles and chapters in edited books, not in references to

articles from magazines and journals. In contrast, parenthetical references in the text of a paper leading to specific pages

always include p. or pp.—no matter what type of source.

10. Retrieval information must be given for electronic sources. The statement should provide the URL, or website address, of

the source.

11. Cite personal communications only as in text citations—do not include them in the reference list.

Author- Date Citations

The following examples will illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry will be accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation.

Book :

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

·         Babbie, Earl. 1994. The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

·         Wagenaar, Theodore C., Earl R. Babbie, and Earl R. Babbie. 2001. Practicing social research: guided activities to accompany The practice of social research, ninth edition. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

In-text citations

·         (Babbie 1994, 210–15)

·         (Wagenaar et. All. 2001, 20)

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, we have to  include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

·         Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

·         (Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

Translated book :

Reference list entry

·         Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1976. STRUCTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1 1.Translated by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf NEW YORK: BASIC BOOKS.

·         Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1973. From Honey to Ashes: Introduction to a Science of Mythology: 2. Translated by Claude weightman, John and Doreen. New York.

In-text citation

·         (Strauss 1976, 340)

·         (Strauss 1973, 152)

E-book

For books consulted online, we have to include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, we need to add the name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, we have to cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

·         Anthropology glossary. 2007. [Oregon]: Oregon State University. http://oregonstate.edu/cla/anthropology/links-resources/glossary.

·         Ovid, Ingo Gildenhard, and Andrew Zissos. 2016. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3.511-733: Latin text with introduction, commentary, glossary of terms, vocabulary aid and study questions. http://www.openbookpublishers.com/reader/293.

In-text citations

·         (Oregon 2007, chap. 3)

·         (Ovid 2016, 56)

Journal article

In the reference list, we have to include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, we have to include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

·         Bochow, Astrid. 2015. Review: Martine Guichard, Tilo Grätz, and Youssouf Diallo (eds), Friendship, Descent and Alliance in Africa: Anthropological Perspectives (2014). Africa Spectrum. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-8961.

·         Khelil, AH, Perrin, P, Lefranc, G, and Chibani, JB. 2012. Synthetic review on the different anthropological aspects of hemoglobinopathies in Tunisia. International Journal of Modern Anthropology; Vol 1, No 5 (2012); 60-78. Tunisian Association of Antrhopology. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijma/article/view/76790.American

In-text citations

·         (Bochow, Astrid. 2015, 105)

·         (Khelil, 2012, 10–14)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Reference list entry

·         Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

In-text citation

·         (Bay et al. 2017, 465)

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If we consulted the article online, we have to include a URL or the name of the database.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

·         Alden, Henry Mills, Thomas B. Wells, Lee Foster Hartman, and Frederick Lewis Allen. 1913. Harper's magazine. [New York]: Harper & Brothers.

·         Gibaldi, Joseph, and Walter S. Achtert. 1984. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America.

·         Greenwood, Susan. 2020. The nature of magic: an anthropology of consciousness. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003087120.

·         Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness (SAC). 2000. Anthropology of consciousness. [S.l.]: [s.n.]. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/loi/15563537.

In-text citation

·         (Alden, 1913)

·         (Gibaldi, 1984)

·         (Greenwood 2020)

·         (SAC, 2000)

Book review

Reference list entry

·         Talbot, P. Amanury. 1942. “review: The Nuer: Review.” Review of The Nuer, by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. The Geographical Journal, January, 1942. 

In-text citation

·         (Talbot, 1942)

Interview

Reference list entry

·         Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

In-text citation

·         (Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Reference list entry

·         Sikder Munmun. 2019. “Biocultural Determination of type 2 Diabetes in caste and tribal population.” PhD diss., West Bengal State University.

In-text citation

·         (Sikder 2019, 25–30)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

·         Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

·         Google. 2020. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified September 30, 2020. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

·         University of Delhi. n.d. “About University of Delhi.” Accessed October 8, 2020. http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=about-du-2

In-text citations

·         (Bouman 2016)

·         (Google 2020)

·         (University, n.d.)

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Facebook Link Twitter Link

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

·         Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

·         Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

In-text citations

·         (Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

·         (Souza 2016)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

In-text citation

·         (Rajib Paul, Facebook message to author, August 28, 2020)

Above citations simply presenting the different types of Chicago style citations which can be used in text citation and referencing followed by the style.